The thyroid, a small gland at the base of your neck, plays a critical role in regulating your body's metabolism. Sometimes, a lump or nodule can form within this gland, raising concerns about conditions like thyroid cancer.
When this happens, a thyroid FNA biopsy is often the next step. This minimally invasive test is a key diagnostic tool used by thyroid cancer doctors to determine whether a thyroid lump is benign or malignant.
What Is a Thyroid FNA Biopsy?
An FNA biopsy is a simple medical procedure that collects a small sample of cells from a thyroid lump or nodule. A very thin, hollow needle is inserted into the nodule, usually under ultrasound guidance.
The needle removes a small amount of tissue or fluid, which is then examined in a laboratory. This analysis aids in diagnosing or ruling out thyroid cancer and informs management decisions.
When Is an FNA Biopsy Recommended?
Thyroid evaluation often involves several steps, and an FNA is one of the most important. A thyroid cancer specialist may recommend an FNA biopsy based on several factors:
- Presence of Thyroid Nodules or Lumps: A common reason for an FNA biopsy is the discovery of a thyroid cancer lump, whether found during a routine physical exam or a thyroid imaging study.
- Suspicious Ultrasound Findings: An ultrasound can reveal characteristics of a thyroid nodule that may be indicative of thyroid cancer, such as irregular borders, microcalcifications or a taller-than-wide shape.
- Family History or Risk Factors: Patients with a family history of thyroid cancer, especially medullary thyroid carcinoma, may be advised to undergo an FNA biopsy for a suspicious thyroid lump. Certain medical conditions, like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, can also increase the risk.
What Are the Benefits of an FNA?
An FNA biopsy is a preferred method for evaluating thyroid nodules due to its significant benefits:
- Minimally Invasive: This is a simple outpatient procedure that uses a very thin needle and local anaesthetic, avoiding the need for a large incision or general anaesthesia. Unlike a surgical biopsy, it causes minimal discomfort and leaves no visible scar.
- Good Accuracy: The procedure is highly effective in differentiating between benign and malignant nodules. While some results may be inconclusive, they often provide enough information to guide the next steps, such as monitoring the nodule or proceeding with a thyroid cancer treatment.
- Lower Risk of Complications: Compared to surgical procedures, an FNA biopsy has a very low risk of complications. The recovery time is minimal, and most patients can resume their normal activities almost immediately after the procedure.
How Is Thyroid Cancer FNA Biopsy Performed in Singapore?
-
Before the Biopsy
Your doctor will review your medical history and current medications, especially blood thinners, which may need adjusting. You will also sign a consent form and have the chance to ask any questions.
-
During the Biopsy
You will lie on a table with your neck slightly extended. A local anaesthetic may be used, although the needle is so fine that some doctors may not use one. Under ultrasound guidance, the doctor inserts the needle into the thyroid nodule and collects several samples. You may feel mild pressure or a quick sting, but the procedure is not usually painful.
-
After the Biopsy
A small bandage will be placed on the site, and you can normally go home right away. Some people experience mild soreness or bruising, which can be eased with over-the-counter pain relief. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Risks and Side Effects of an FNA Biopsy for Thyroid Cancer
While an FNA biopsy is generally safe, there are some potential risks and side effects, though they are rare:
- Bleeding: You might experience minor bleeding at the biopsy site, which can usually be stopped with light pressure. In rare cases, a small hematoma (a collection of blood under the skin) may form.
- Infection: Although the risk is very low, there is a minor possibility of infection at the needle insertion site.
- Damage to Nearby Structures: In extremely rare cases, the needle could cause minor damage to surrounding structures like blood vessels or nerves.
- Fistula: A fistula is an abnormal connection between two structures. This is an extremely rare complication.
Most patients experience only mild soreness, and serious complications are exceptionally rare. The benefits of an FNA biopsy, such as timely detection and accurate assessment of thyroid nodules, far outweigh these risks, making it a vital step in achieving proper treatment and peace of mind.
Next Steps: Speak With a Thyroid Specialist
If you have noticed a thyroid lump or need a professional evaluation, do not wait. Book a consultation with our experienced thyroid cancer specialist today to discuss your symptoms, explore diagnostic options, and receive a personalised treatment plan tailored to your health needs.
